A Tragedy Of Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1063 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Hamlet was published in 1603 by William Shakespeare, a renowned English playwright and actor. This play brings up very sophisticated topics that were very often hidden and shied away from in Shakespeares time period. The audience follows the story of a young prince who seemingly falls apart after the death of his father and brings the kingdom down with him. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Tragedy Of Hamlet" essay for you Create order Hamlet is drowning in grief after his fathers death and is driven by a rage at his uncle for the murder. Hamlet loses all other thoughts and emotions as he is overtaken with a passion for revealing the truth, and a passion for revenge. There is a moment in the play when many readers are no longer rooting for Hamlet, when the vision of his pure character is destroyed. In Act 3 when Hamlet murders Polonius he shows no remorse for his actions and that is a prime example of Hamlet becoming â€Å"passion’s slave†. Hamlet is so overcome by his blind rage for Claudius that he is no longer thinking clearly, so when he enters his mothers bedroom and hears another person in the room, he rashly assumes that it’s his uncle, and lashes out, killing Polonius, â€Å"How now, a rat? Dead for a ducat, dead!/ (stabs his sword through the arras and kills Polonius) [] Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell/ I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune†(act 3, scene 4, 23-33). The fact that Hamlet shows no remorse for his actions towards Polonius, a close friend, shows that he has gone over the edge of insanity. Over the course of the play Hamlet is so overcome by his emotions that he loses sight of t he origin of his behavior. It takes the reappearance of his fathers ghost to get him back on track and to remind him of his original purpose, to prove to Gertrude that Claudius is the murderer. Essentially Hamlet lashing out at everybody, is him becoming enslaved to his passion for vengeance. Throughout the play Hamlet is on a whirlwind of emotions, always governed by passion over reason. The need for revenge and Hamlets complete focus on correcting a wrong, impede on his responsibilities of being a ruler, a son, and a suitor. As he is so determined on fulfilling that desire of revenge, he doesn’t realize how irrational he’s behaving. An example of Hamlet’s passion interfering with his responsibilities of being a â€Å"lover† is how diabolical he treats Ophelia. Hamlet feels betrayed by his mother because of her lack of mourning over her late husband, King Hamlet, and the fact that she hastily married King Hamlet’s brother, Claudius, soon after. This deceit causes him to view every woman as untrustworthy, which in turn negatively affects his sense of duty of being a good â€Å"lover† to Ophelia, accusing her of being disloyal and deceptive. His unrefined comments to her exceeded sexist barriers, she says, â€Å"You are keen, my l ord, you are keen†, complimenting his intelligence, and he replies, â€Å"It would cost you a groaning to take off my edge† (act 3, scene 2, 227-228). Hamlet shows some very questionable behavior in this scene through his conversation with Ophelia, which proves him capable of abuse despite his supposed love for her. Unfortunately, this conversation with Ophelia is only one of many moments where Hamlet unleashes his rage on those around him. Several critics and readers believe that Hamlets insanity is just an elaborate charade that he puts on to obtain a confession to murder from his uncle, and it’s true that he started out that way. It’s in this scene, when Hamlet manipulates Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, that he appears the most in control of his own behavior, almost eerily so. Almost ironically, Hamlet even shows admiration for Horatio’s calm demeanor, the absence of which is Hamlet’s most flawed trait. â€Å"Give me that man/ That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him/ In my heart’s core, ay, in my heart of heart† (Act 3. Scene 2. 64-67). In this scene, as he goes from wild to mature behavior, it appears that Hamlet is not insane after all. So, while there is truth behind the statement that Hamlet is only pretending to be a slave to his passions, over the course of the play it’s obvious that he loses that control over his emotions, and no longer has to pre tend to be insane. Hamlet commits the height of this passion in a response to his fathers death and in his evident love for Ophelia. A prime example of Hamlet’s passion is shown in the graveyard scene when he learns of Ophelia’s suicide. Hamlet exclaims, â€Å"What is he whose grief/ Bears such an emphasis, whose phrase of sorrow/ Conjures the wandering stars, and makes them stand/ Like wonder-wounded hearers? This is I, / Hamlet the Dane (leaps into the grave)† (act 5 scene 1, 238-242). Hamlet is beside himself with grief, knowing that he had caused her pain by murdering her father, Polonius. Hamlet may have started his act of insanity with pure intentions, but he gets in too deep and is overcome by his strong emotions and his passion for vengeance. When Hamlet meets the ghost of his father, his whole persona changes. His moods become more hysterical, his words more aggressive, and his motivations secretive. The old hamlet, the hamlet before seeing his father’s ghost, is gone, and has been taken over by a bitter and vindictive figure. Hamlet let his situation get way out of control, and drowning in his grief, he becomes â€Å"passion’s slave†. This play proves that a person cannot just be a human of action nor only a human of thought, you have to find a balance. As Hamlet shows, being a human of thought can mean that you never accomplish anything significant. In the beginning of the play Hamlet announces that he wants to kill his uncle, but when it comes down to it, he spends the entire play driving himself insane with the internal debate. In contrast, becoming only a human of action can result in almost hysterical behavior, and can lead to negative consequences, like murdering the father of the women you loved. The tragedy of Hamlet holds a great internal conflict as Hamlet contradicts himself many times throughout out the play and causes the unnecessary death of many of those around him.

Operations Management and Supply Chain Management

Question: How does Operations and Supply Chain Mgmt enhance company profitability? 1. Content 2. Charts and Graphs 3. Evidence to support your position 4. Examples that highlight your conclusion Table of Contents: I. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 II. Operations Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 III. Supply Chain Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 IV. Examples/Case Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 V. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Today more than before have the functions of Operations and Supply Chain Management (SCM) impacted the bottom line of companies that recognize the facets of†¦show more content†¦Operations management systems that have enhanced the companys profits include self-scan checkouts, optimizing the use of trailer space, reducing unnecessary journeys and saving energy in stores. Campbells Soup, Caterpillar and Proctor and Gamble: Companies were able to reduce the amount of inventory they carry by using lean strategies, just- in- time production and networking with vendors, suppliers and customers. Companies like Campbells Soup, Caterpillar and Proctor and Gamble set really high goals to realize this value creation within their organizations. Now to even say that they were leading the pack to globalize and streamline their operations, with ERP technology sounds like old hat. But the investment that companies have made and the strides in operating performance are enormous. IKEA: IKEA transformed from a small mail order Swedish company into a global powerhouse by the modernized approach to shopping of self service and modularized to-be-assembled packaging. Order configuration at the time of customer service offers tremendous variations and immediate recognition to fulfillment in the supply chain. A number of companies have employed this technique especially computer companies like Dell and others, and can easily assemble from preassemblies. The technology and the speed of online ordering has advanced companies well beyond earnings of the prior decade. But more than this it has changed the face of theShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management And Operation Management1374 Words   |  6 Pages1) Definition of the scope Supply chain management and operation management have become integral components as far as organizational competitiveness is concerned. This paper will begin by offering a literature review about supply chain management and operations management. Then, the paper will explore various issues within the Airbus company and analyze the identified issues by apply SCOM concept. The paper will also identify specific best/worst practices in the Aerospace industry before offeringRead MoreSupply Chain Management And Operations Management747 Words   |  3 PagesPart I, Objective 1: Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Operations Management (OM) Supply chain management is the business of overseeing the flow of materials to manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. It is an external process that involves supply chain managers communicating with other vendors to ensure a product flows through the supply chain smoothly. Once a product reaches the consumer, it has already flowed through multiple organizations – these organizations collectively are referredRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Operations Management1204 Words   |  5 PagesSupply-chain management is an important consideration of Operations Management. In the past, many businesses only focused on the operations occurring within. Even today, business push to increase standards of performance and quality, create better marketing strategies, improve efficiency in the workplace, and hire and train employees as part of human resource strategy, among other ‘inside’ actions. However, it is a growing reality that there are other ‘outside ’ factors and stakeholders in the finalRead MoreOperation and Supply Chain Management8662 Words   |  35 PagesOPERATION amp; SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Sec I- strategy amp; sustainability 1. OSCM 2. strategy amp; sustainability 3. product amp; service design Sec II- manufacturing, service amp; health care processes *4. strategic capacity management *4A. learning curves 5. process analysis 5A. job design amp; work measurement 6. production process 6A. facility layout *7. service processes *7A. waiting line analysis *8. health care processes 9. six sigmaRead MoreSupply Chain Operations Management Analysis4582 Words   |  19 Pages Supply Chain Operations Management Analysis of Southwest Airlines Name: University: Course Title: Instructor: Date: â€Æ' Introduction Southwest Airline is said to be the largest airline firm in the world and yet it charges low-fare costs to its large population of customers. 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This givesRead MoreSupply Chain Management: Operations Management Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesSupply Chain Management: Operations Management Introduction Operations Management is the term we use for the management of the resources necessary to produce and deliver the products and services required by customers. These resources include labour, materials and capital equipment. The following definition reflects the nature of Operations management: Operations management is about the way organizations produce goods and services. Everything you wear, eat, sit on, use, read or knock aboutRead MoreOperations and Supply Chain Management1804 Words   |  8 PagesWhen marketing, engineering, and operations simultaneously develop a process (cross -functional integration), this approach is known as __________ ________________. A) sequential process B) traditional approach C) concurrent engineering D) both A and B E) none of the above Feedback: C is the correct answer. 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Retention Rate of First Generation College Students Free Essays

A first coevals college pupil is a pupil for whom both parents or defenders have a high school instruction or less and have ne’er begun a postsecondary grade ( Inkelas, Daver, Vogt, A ; Leonard, 2007 ) . These pupils are at a disadvantage of obtaining at least a unmarried man ‘s grade because they are a bad population for dropping out of college. At four-year establishments, first-generation college pupils have a 23 % opportunity of dropping out of school before their 2nd twelvemonth compared to 10 % of pupils whose parents held a unmarried man ‘s grade ( Tym, McMillion, Barone, A ; Webster, 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Retention Rate of First Generation College Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now Controling for factors associated with non returning, such as delayed registration after high school, working full-time, low fiscal assistance, gender, race, and ethnicity, first-generation position was still a important index of a pupil go forthing before their 2nd twelvemonth ( Choy, 2001 ) . This is a societal and economical job because a huge bulk of occupations today require some kind of postsecondary instruction, whether it be a unmarried man ‘s grade or higher. Several factors are thought to act upon keeping rates in college. Troubles in cultural, psychosocial, and cognitive transitioning are the major factors ( Hertel, 2002 ; Pascarella, Pierson, Wolniak, A ; Terenzini, 2004 ; Pike A ; Kuh, 2005 ; Terenzini, Springer, Yaeger, Pascarella, A ; Nora, 1996 ) . This paper discusses the function of educational intercessions in the keeping of first-generation college pupils and the best clip to implement these plans. The advantage of implementing intercessions early is thought to be the betterment of keeping rates of first-generation college pupils. Transitioning Troubles Traditional pupils are at a higher rate of achieving a grade compared to their first-generation pupil equals. Research workers questioned why this may be and sought to happen indispensable factors that play a function in the deficiency of success in first-generation college pupils. A general premise is that parental instruction is a major influence on a pupil ‘s pick to go to college and the pupil ‘s finding to make good. The hazard of going college within the first twelvemonth, irrespective of the ground, was cited to be 71 % higher for first-generation college pupils than pupils with college-educated parents ( Ishitani, 2003 ) . Although this determination supports a higher per centum of bead outs than those of Choy ( 2001 ) and Tym et Al. ( 2004 ) , the consequences from all three surveies are comparable ; they investigated how first-generation college pupils are at least twice every bit likely to drop out of school as their traditional pupil equals. Martinez, Sher, Krull, and Wood ( 2009 ) assessed the features and experiences of pupils that are most prognostic of abrasion, or non-enrollment. They examined how different factors interact with being a first coevals pupil. This survey, with 28.7 % of the participants being first-generation pupils, hypothesized that abrasion factors both moderate and intercede the consequence of parental instruction on a pupil ‘s abrasion from college. A moderator influences the strength of the relationship between first-generation pupils and their hazard of abrasion. In this survey, GPA was found to be the lone moderator or circumstance among all the factors that made a difference ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . Bing a first-generation college pupil is a bigger hazard if GPA is hapless. Mediators explain how the relationship between first-generation college pupil position and hazard of abrasion occurs. ACT scores, support, and GPA each acted as go-betweens ; each of these factors was related to parental instruction every bit good as abrasion ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . Since go-betweens are the most influential in explicating why low parental instruction leads to a greater hazard of abrasion for first coevals pupils, this survey preludes how parental instruction can impact a first-generation college pupil ‘s passage to college culturally, psychosocially, and cognitively. Making the passage from high school to college can be hard for anyone. It is particularly hard for those pupils who are both first-generation and place as a minority race or ethnicity. Passage can be hard due to a separation from close household and friends ( Garcia, 2010 ) . These pupils may besides happen problem appreciating what the college has to offer because they typically come from households with low income and work at least parttime to pay for their instruction. Martinez et Al. ( 2009 ) found that first-generation college pupils had more scholarships and loans, but a deficiency of support from nest eggs and familial parts. It is of import to observe here that their findings contrast what was antecedently found about parental instruction being an index of abrasion. Lack of scholarship was found to be a more precise index of abrasion than lower parental instruction ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . One manner to extinguish the arrangement of a fiscal position label upon a pupil is through successful cultural transitioning. First-generation females and minorities populating on campus tended to be more engaged in the establishment ( Pike A ; Kuh, 2005 ) . This determination can be slightly deceptive since most first-generation pupils tend to populate off-campus and at place. A 2nd constituent of the cultural passage is the discrepancies in an apprehension of the basic cognition of postsecondary instruction. A clear line is drawn that establishes how first-generation college pupils view college as opposed to second-generation and other traditional pupils. First-generation college pupils saw the school ‘s environment as scholarly and less as an chance for occupational readying ( Terenzini et al. , 1996 ) . These pupils see their parents as life socioeconomically stable lives without a college grade and think that they can be merely like them. Hertel ( 2002 ) points out that for traditional college pupils, parents who went to college base on balls on cognition about the college civilization. This cognition has seemed to diminish abrasion rates in college. On the other manus, some first-generation college pupils have reported that they felt like two different people- 1 at place and one at college ( Bryan A ; Simmons, 2009 ) . These pupils are divided between household and friends back place who are minimally educated and equals who portion in the wealth of cognition gained through college. The 2nd factor explicating why first-generation college pupils typically do non prevail in postsecondary instruction is trouble in a psychosocial passage. First-generation college pupils populating off campus and working happen it hard to acquire involved in extracurricular activities and meeting with other pupils and module ( Pascarella et al. , 2004 ) . These consequences support what was found in earlier research. Second-generation college pupils were cited to hold had higher societal accommodations due to back up, more cognition about college, and had a greater focal point on college activities ( Hertel, 2002 ) . These pupils typically live on campus and are concentrating on their academe, instead than working. Populating on campus allows traditional pupils to run into with module more readily. This can transfuse ideas of handiness and support from the module. Unfortunately for first-generation college pupils, they do non see module as being concerned for pupil development and instruction ( Terenzini et al. , 1996 ) . This is troublesome because pupils who feel welcomed and can interact freely with their professors are the 1s who hold a higher involvement in the establishment and their academic success. First-generation college pupils are at a disadvantage in transitioning psychosocially and face the hazard of institutional abrasion. Cognitive transitioning for first-generation college pupils is the 3rd factor in finding the attainment of a college grade. A successful cognitive passage requires academic readying and college aspirations ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . Pascarella et Al. ( 2004 ) found that a first-generation college pupil ‘s academic readying could be assessed by ACT tonss, a standardised step of reading and critical thought. Martinez et Al. ( 2009 ) found that first-generation college pupils had lower ACT tonss compared to their traditional-student equals. This is merely one manner of demoing how first-generation college pupils are less prepared academically for college. First-generation pupils seem to hold a more hard clip being academically successful and have less motive to prevail in gaining a grade. Degree programs and future aspirations of first-generation college pupils varied greatly from second-generation and traditional college pupils. First-generation pupils would prefer to take easier classs instead than 1s that may suggest a challenge. Compared to their traditional equals, first-generation college pupils were more likely to take pre-professional classs and less of the humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines ( Terenzini et al. , 1996 ) . Pike and Kuh ( 2005 ) farther observed this phenomenon that pupils ‘ educational aspirations improved with positive perceptual experiences of the college environment. Both perceptual experiences of the college and the environment and integrating were straight related to additions in acquisition and rational development ( Pike A ; Kuh, 2005 ) . Pascarella et Al. ( 2004 ) noted tha t first-generation college pupils made smaller additions in the highest grade they planned to obtain. This may be due to the fact that second-generation pupils may be more cognizant of the function advanced grades play in the labor-market. All of these surveies examined how of import a successful cognitive and academic passage can be for the success and possible keeping of first-generation college pupils. Educational Interventions First-generation college pupils can increase their opportunities of keeping and having a grade if they are exposed to academic resources provided by the college. The intent of these resources is to assist better fix first-generation college pupils for college preparedness. College preparedness involves understanding pupil features and accomplishments within the context of college ( Byrd A ; MacDonald, 2005 ) . Resources can include anything from run intoing with college staff, specially designed institutional plans, or a gathering topographic point for pupils. Effective intercessions are important for the first-generation college pupil ‘s mentality. Once they are enrolled in college, they carry non merely their ain single hopes, but the aspirations of their households and communities ( Jehangir, 2010 ) . Admission into college is a milepost for first-generation pupils. Therefore, it is of import to do certain that the type of intercession utilized would be able to supply first -generation college pupils with the tools they need to graduate. The most effectual intercessions should concentrate on the pupils ‘ strengths and bing accomplishments ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . The first intercession theoretical account that has been shown to be effectual is the Social Cognitive Career Theory. This theoretical account was introduced after the designation of five ways that first-generation college pupils differ from their peers- deficiency of parental experience with college applications, academic and personal readying for college, grounds for traveling to college, and personality and life differences. Social Cognitive Career Theory examines the patterned advance of academic involvements in pupils and how to take the following measure and do those involvements a calling option through self-efficacy and end scene. The effectivity of this theoretical account came from the fact that it focuses on socio-cognitive concepts to explicate calling development ( Gibbons A ; Shoffner, 2004 ) . High school counsellors would be able to utilize this technique to assist possible first-generation college pupils prior to come ining college. This resource is able to supply c ognition about college to possible first-generation college pupils that they can non happen elsewhere. The following educational intercession includes living-learning communities. These communities are residential communities where pupils live together in a specific abode hall with a shared academic or thematic focal point and hold entree to academic scheduling and services ( Inkelas A ; Weisman, 2003 ; Inkelas et al. , 2007 ; Stassen, 2003 ) . The intent of living-learning communities is to ease the academic and societal passage to college for first-generation college pupils. This theoretical account seems to be the most popular and successful among all the intercessions. Surveies have shown that first-generation college pupils who participate in living-learning communities are more likely to comprehend an easier academic and societal passage to college than those in traditional abode halls ( Inkelas A ; Weisman, 2003 ; Inkelas et al. , 2007 ; Stassen, 2003 ) . The ground for thi s is that these pupils are traveling through the same experiences of larning to populate on their ain and take more duty upon themselves. The success of this intercession is found in the construct of holding first-generation college pupils live within one country of the abode halls, have entree to multiple resources, and take part in activities that require teamwork and societal interactions. Stassen ( 2003 ) observed the results of living-learning communities when he studied 477 pupils in a living-learning community and 328 pupils non in a living-learning community at a big northeasterly university. Significant differences were found between the two groups in countries of academic integrating ; nevertheless, module integrating did non better ( Stassen, 2003 ) . This can be accounted for through the existent plan construct. Its design focuses on originating equal interactions, non linking module and pupils. The popularity of living-learning plans has led to the development of different types of living-learning communities. These forte plans range from communities for awards pupils to talent promotion to curriculum-based theoretical accounts ( Inkelas A ; Weisman, 2003 ; Stassen, 2003 ) . However, no affair which living-learning community a first-generation college pupil chooses, there has been a important positive consequence on first-semester GPA and annual keeping ( Stassen, 2003 ) . Therefore, interested pupils should make up one’s mind for themselves which community seems the most fitting. It should be noted that the bulk of these consequences were observed after the first semester by cross-sectional surveies. One peculiar survey examined the effectivity of a Freshman Empowerment Program. After detecting 53 pupils placed in this plan and 53 pupils placed in a control group at the same university, Folger, Carter, and Chase ( 2004 ) found that the GPA of first-generation college pupils increased from first-semester to the second-semester and that each semester ‘s GPA every bit good as their cumulative GPA was higher than those pupils non in the plan. Inkelas et Al. ( 2007 ) point out that the impact of living-learning plans may non be well-understood until after pupils have had clip to reflect on their living-learning experiences. It would be interesting to see if first-generation college pupils ‘ keeping rate continued to be as they progressed through all four old ages of college. An effectual living-learning plan would transfuse a positive attitude on the pupils and give them the resources they need to win. A 3rd educational intercession involves an thought that gets to the bosom of the problem- low continuity among first-generation college pupils. Many research workers have approached this job in many ways ensuing in multiple solutions. Cabrera, Nora, and Castaneda ( 1993 ) wanted to cognize if unifying Tinto ‘s Student Integration Theory and Bean ‘s Student Attrition Model would break explicate first-generation college pupils ‘ continuity. The Student Integration Theory attributed abrasion to a deficiency of congruency between pupils and establishments, whereas the Student Attrition Model recognized that behavioural purposes are shaped by a procedure whereby beliefs form attitudes, and attitudes influence behavioural purposes ( Cabrera et al. , 1993 ) . The solution so becomes to hold establishments integrate encouragement and support from important others into the conceptual models analyzing pupil continuity. The foundation for research workers to analyze the function household has in the continuity of first-generation college pupils was established when Cabrera et Al. ( 1993 ) noted a positive consequence of encouragement from friends and household found on committednesss to the establishment. A smattering of ulterior surveies have systematically shown that parents, household members, and friends in the pupils ‘ old communities can supply encouragement and reenforce the pupils ‘ determination to go to and prevail throughout college ( Bryan A ; Simmons, 2009 ; Elkins, Braxton, A ; James, 2000 ; McCarron A ; Inkelas, 2006 ) . McCarron and Inkelas ( 2006 ) used 3,758 pupils, half of which were first-generation college pupils, to propose that the chief forecaster of attainment for first-generation college pupils was non parental engagement ; instead, it was pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of the importance of good classs. Family members tend to act upon striplings Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ decision-making sing educational and occupational chases. This may be the ground why first-generation college pupils feel an overmastering sense of force per unit area to win in school in order to delight their households and communities ( Bryan A ; Simmons, 2009 ) . Some of these consequences can be deceptive, nevertheless. The development of an intercession theoretical account that provides programming for first-generation college pupils and their parents may assist better keeping and graduation rates. The last intercession theoretical account examines what can be done within the college establishment itself. Braxton and McClendon ( 2001 ) believed that the duty for pupil keeping is campus-wide. Everyone from equals to faculty to disposal play a function in the keeping of first-generation college pupils. They have come up with an array of recommendations shown to positively act upon societal integrating and keeping. The first suggests that academic advisers urge their pupils to take classs from module members who receive high mark evaluations on organisation, readying, accomplishment, and lucidity. Organization and skill positively influence societal integrating and continuity. Second, administrative policies and processs should be made clear and enforced reasonably to pupils to guarantee continuity. Third, the enrollment direction should fix recruitment activities accurately portraying the establishment. This is of import because a pupil ‘s determination to go to a peculiar college falls to a great extent on their outlooks for what college life will be like. The following recommendation involves the module. Workshops and seminars should be attended by module so that they can larn how to integrate concerted and collaborative acquisition into their schoolrooms. Last, pupil orientation plans for freshman pupils provide pupils with the chance to larn everything about the school. Successful orientation plans develop chances for first-generation pupils to socially interact with their equals ( Braxton A ; McClendon, 2001 ) . Implementing any, if non all, of these recommendations would ensue in more well-balanced pupils and a higher keeping rate due to the fact that these pupils will desire to go on larning in an establishment that is both welcoming and helpful. A major restriction of all these intercession surveies is the research workers ‘ short-run observation. For more accurate findings on the effectivity of different intercessions, research workers should be working on detecting these first-generation college pupils in their senior twelvemonth and a few old ages after graduation. This would basically corroborate the success of these intercessions. Merely holding these different educational intercessions readily available will non assist first-generation college pupils. The following measure is seeking to calculate out the best clip to implement them. Aside from the Social Cognitive Career Theory, which is designed for college-bound high-school pupils, few research workers explored the timing of intercession for pupils at hazard of going. A proposed manner of look intoing pupil abrasion is utilizing event patterning techniques when pupils are more likely to go forth their establishments ( Ishitani, 2008 ) . Departure hazards of pupils vary over clip, and pupils are at a higher hazard of going at assorted points in clip depending on their features. Knowing when pupils are more likely to go forth helps institutional forces in planing systematic intercession programs to take down the institutional abrasion rate. Drumhead First-generation college pupils have many factors working against them, but they can be merely every bit successful as their traditional equals, so long as they have entree to different educational intercessions. First-generation college pupils have to set to cultural, psychosocial, and cognitive passages. A few of the many jobs these pupils encounter include: holding a parttime occupation, separation from friends and household, discrepancies in an apprehension of the basic cognition of postsecondary instruction, hapless academic readying, and hapless interactions with equals and module. Most of first-generation college pupils ‘ clip is consumed by either going to and from school or working. Those first-generation college pupils who are fortunate plenty to populate on campus face a different quandary. Their life style at place is really different than college civilization and they feel a demand to be two different people, one at place and one at school. It seems that the underl ying problem stems from being unprepared for postsecondary instruction. Fortunately, first-generation college pupils can raise their self-esteem and be better equipped for college if they utilize any and all resources available to them through the establishment. Programs such as Social Cognitive Career Theory, living-learning communities, Freshman Empowerment Groups, and alterations within the college establishment itself will let for better societal interactions with equals and peace of head cognizing that they made the right determination and are motivated to larn, alumnus, and have a successful calling. Decision The handiness of many educational intercessions leaves research workers to inquire which theoretical account would be most effectual. Living-learning communities are flexible, giving each postsecondary establishment an chance to suit their different pupil populations. Living-learning communities can be designed with any peculiar group in head. Besides, this plan is really popular and used throughout many of the state ‘s colleges and universities. First-generation college pupils do non necessitate to experience like they are being singled out in these plans as opposed to run intoing separately with a counsellor or adviser. Alternatively, they are with other pupils who are sing the same troubles as they are. Last, these plans have been found to be successful in infinite surveies, a few of which were mentioned throughout this paper. The way of research now should be a comparative survey concentrating on the effectivity of living-learning communities with regard to other intercessi ons. How to cite Retention Rate of First Generation College Students, Essay examples

Saltaire a typical model village Essay Example

Saltaire a typical model village Essay Model villages began to appear around Britain in the late 1700s as a way for employers to provide for their workforce. One of the first examples was Cromford in Derbyshire. They were model in the sense the houses were laid out in a plan rather than springing up in any available space, which was the norm in towns at the time. They also kept to a set standard of housing which was advanced when compared to the industrial cities counterpart where houses were often split into several small rooms which were rented out to individual families, or even groups of people. Model villages on the other hand worked to prevent overcrowding from happening. These villages were built by companies or single businessmen for the benefit of the workers, and therefore themselves. As most villages were connected to the industry that was owned by these men.. The houses in these villages had affordable rent and were often far more sanitary and a lot less over crowded than in the cities (though to todays standards they may seem cramped and compacted at the time they were revolutionary). Saltaire and Bourneville are examples of these villages. Saltaire was built by Titus Salt, owner of many wool mills to house his many workers. He built a new large mill just outside Bradford to begin his new business venture with Alpaca wool and the adjacent town was to home his workforce. It was bordered by the River Aire and by rail lines as well as the Leeds-Liverpool canal (useful for importing the Alpaca wool). The rest of the area was surrounded by greenfield. The town originally had 820 homes built to accommodate 4.389à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and provided the workers with a hospital, almshouses (retirement homes) complete with pension, park areas and also schools where children could study either part time, if working in the mill or on a more day to day basis. It also provided the inhabitants with churches and communal washrooms. We will write a custom essay sample on Saltaire a typical model village specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Saltaire a typical model village specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Saltaire a typical model village specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All homes also had a flushing outdoor toilet attached to a proper drainage system and fresh water was pumped in from the clean canal waters which were well away from the pollution of the cities. Most of the homes also had some kind of yard or garden area. There were also varying types of accommodation built to reflect status. Skilled workers and foremen had larger homes with larger garden areas than unskilled workers, and single male and female workers were housed in dormitory style buildings of same sex only. Titus Salt also created The Institute which was basically a large recreational centre for his workers. It included a laboratory, library, concert hall, lecture theatre and gymnasium. A small shopping parade was also built to cater for his employees needs. Saltaire is a typical model village because of its grid-iron pattern. The majority of the houses were built in long terraced blocks ranging in size and height to give The way in which the dwellings were arranged to maintain the welfare of the workforce, which was something that Titus Salt had always had great interest in, and yet also to give the workers a feeling of security and a better quality of life. Salts interest also lay in the fact that a healthy workforce and one that had little way to travel to work would also be more productive. He kept his workers in a good state of health with the aid of the grid-iron pattern which spaced houses out enough to prevent overcrowding and to give people their own dwellings whilst also providing them with sanitation and clean water which were almost unheard of in the city itself. The pattern of housing also managed to give people social status with the larger homes with more gardens being closer to the mill. Titus Salt carefully managed rent to make sure that the employees could easily afford it on their wages. Another way in which he improved the lives of his workers was by the way that he created far better working conditions. This was one of the main principals behind the creation of model villages in the first case. Saltaire was built with the workforce in mind and Titus Salt tried to provide for them in everyway possible. He intended to also build a market, hotel and abattoir. Another way in which Titus Salt shows that he looked after his workers is the mess hall where workers could go and have lunch provided for them. This was based just opposite the mill, however there was a direct passage to the hall covered to keep workers dry, and maybe also perhaps to stop people from delaying. Saltaire is thought to be one of the greatest remaining examples of a model village as it has been relatively unchanged over the years. Its recent elevation to World Heritage Site is making sure that renovations are being completed and that it does not lose anymore of its originality. Although some areas no longer maintain their original purposes, for example the hospital which has now been turned into flats the basic idea behind Saltaire can still easily be seen when visited. Saltaire is now no longer home to mill operators as the mill ceased to function some years ago and now is a gallery displaying David Hockneys work and the home of the Bradford Health Authority.

The Effect of Baroque Music Essays

The Effect of Baroque Music Essays The Effect of Baroque Music Paper The Effect of Baroque Music Paper The Effect of Baroque Music on the Performance of Elementary Students on Problem Solving Task A Research Proposal Submitted to the Faculty College of Liberal Arts Western Mindanao State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Psychological Research I Submitted by: Lilibeth Grifon Christie Annie M. Jalaron Audraiza Macaraya Arlynn Mae Tangon Chapter I Introduction Students’ lives today are filled with large variety of experiences by which they develop either positive or negative attitudes toward certain experiences. Eventually, these attitudes develop into a guide to their behavior. It has been noticed that most school learners are now musically inclined and the need to have a better teaching strategy to facilitate students’ learning abilities is the prime reason why researchers want to pursue this study. This study focuses on the application of background music in the classroom setting to find out if providing music in the environment can have a significant difference in learners’ performance. The influence of music on rates of learning has been the subject of study for many years. Research has confirmed that loud, background noise hinders learning concentration, and information acquisition. Background music is used to provide a welcoming atmosphere and help prepare and motivate students for learning tasks. It can energize lagging attention levels or soothe and calm when necessary. Music in the classroom may have different effects, depending on the strengths and weaknesses of the pupils in the classroom. It may also depend on the existing level of noise at the school and surrounding area. Various researchers reported that kids seem to be vulnerable to excessive noise. For children who are sensitive, environmental noise can be a source of stress. That’s why for the past years, researchers experimented many ways of producing the healthiest sound possible. Several researchers have proven that classical and baroque music with some nature sounds are the most appropriate background music. Some amount of background music may be helpful in the learning process. Original studies in the used of music in learning show that Baroque music was optimal for learning. Another study showed that Baroque music accelerates learning, and enhance both short-term and long-term memory. Baroque music, with its unique rhythmic structure and stability, is particularly conducive to memory, productivity and healthy, stress-free environments (Lawrence, 2001). Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. The original meaning of baroque is irregular pearl. Baroque music forms a major portion of the classical music canon, being widely studied, performed, and listened to. Baroque composers include J. S. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Handel, Chopin, Pachelbel and Alboni. Background of the Study Mathematics is a subject where most learners have low achievement. Different reasons are presented on why learners have difficulty in dealing with math subjects. It even came to the point wherein learners cut classes during math subjects. Some respondents stated why they have low interest in math is because they get bored with numbers and teacher’s chalk-board strategy is even reinforcing their boredom. Problem solving is a process of thinking that is directed toward the solution of a specific problem. The process involves the use of problem solving skills. Yet the most difficult to teach in Mathematics is problem solving. Even high school students could hardly solve two-step problems. This is due to poor analysis and understanding of word problems. Proficiency in remediating the problem experienced by the students in this area is an essential skill of a competent educator (Miranda, 2004) One reason of boredom is the lack of interest but more so with the lack of environmental stimulation. Enriched environment is one of the most important factors that educators should look into for the reason that learners are widely curious with different stimuli that will encourage them to do their best in every endeavor. Several researches show that instrumental music can enrich environment and can cause stimulation to learners which is present in the change of their physiological processes. Review of Related Literature This section will discuss the study of the effect of background music in learning. It also includes literature and studies on the effect of music in learning performance. This section will provide scientific evidence that support the claim that music is related to the improvement of mathematical performance. (Tria, Limpingco, Jao, -) concrete operational stage is a period of concrete operational logical thought in number, class and orders (7-11 years old). The child becomes increasingly capable of demonstrating logical thinking in relation to physical objects. A newly acquired capacity of reversibility allow him or her to mentally reverse action that was previously only than physically. The child is now able to mentally hold two or more variables at a time when studying objects and to reconcile apparently contradictory data. He or she becomes more sociocentric, increasingly aware of the views of others. These new mental capacities are demonstrated by a rapid growth in the ability to conserve certain properties and to do relational thinking such as classifying and ordering objects. Mathematical operations are also developed. The child becomes increasingly able to think of physically absent things based on the vivid images of past experiences. The child’s thinking, however, is restricted to concrete thing rather than ideas. (Hurlock, 1982) stated in her book that educators call late childhood the elementary school age. It is the time when the child is expected to acquire the rudiments of knowledge that are considered essential for successful adjustment to adult life. It is also the time when the child is expected to learn certain essential skills, both curricular and extracurricular. Educators also regard late childhood as a critical period in the achievement drive –a time when children form the habit of being achievers, underachievers or overachievers. Once formed, habits of working below, above, or up to one’s capacity tend to persist into adulthood. It has been reported that the level of achievement behavior in childhood is highly corrected with achievement behavior in adulthood. As their world expands with their entrance into school, so do children’s interest. And with this broadening of interest comes an understanding of people and things which formerly had little or no meaning. Children now enter Piaget has called the â€Å"Stage of concrete operations† in thinking, a time when the vague and nebulous concepts of early childhood become specific and concrete. With rapid growth comes a sapping energy. This leads to a disciplination to work and to attitudes of boredom toward any activities that require effort on the individual’s part. While underachievement after begins around the fourth or fifth grade in school, when early enchantment with school gives way to disenchantment, it generally reaches its peak during puberty. Barr and Seashore (as cited in Kong, 2005) says that it is easy to see how active listening can be applied to the steps for teaching toward conceptual change. Once a student has internalized the skills for active listening, they are primed for engaging in an active learning process. The exhibition of this capability is limited by the child’s ability to understand or apply himself to the task. It stressed that researchers and educators have further identified active listening and its component skills as being transferred across disciplines. The ability to listen effectively affects students’ chievement in school, and contributes to the success in life. Music among the multiple intelligences was found invaluable to develop student’s abilities in listening. Insofar as the power of reflective thinking is concern, musical intelligences are like philosophical, mathematical or scientific intelligence. Hodges (2000) outlines the five basic premises that have been derived from neuromusical research. These premises establish a link between the human brain, the ability to learn and the capacity for resilient health. This research supports the long held supposition that music is beneficial to human beings. He states: (1) human brain has the ability to respond to and participate in music; (2) musical brain operates to respond at birth throughout life; (3)early and ongoing musical training affects the organization of the musical brain; (4) musical brain consists of extensive neural systems involving widely distributed, but locally specialized regions of the brain: cognitive components, affective components, and motor components. O’donell (1999) stated that Music from the baroque period causes the heart beat and pulse rate to relax to the beat of music. It affects the amplitude and frequency of brain waves, which can be measured by an electro-encephalogram. Music also affects breathing rate and electrical resistance of the skin. It activates the left and right brain, thus, maximizes learning and retention of information. The information being studied activates the left brain while the music activates the right brain. In addition, he also find out that listening to baroque music before taking a test releases neurons in the brain which will help the body to relax. Its effectiveness can be seen by the results from an IQ test performed on two groups of college students. The first group listened to Mozart music before taking the test. The second group did not listen to music before taking the test. The first group had an average of 119 while the second group had an average of 110 only. In addition, he stated that the key component of music that makes it beneficial is the order. The order of the music from the baroque and classical periods causes the brain to respond in special ways. This order includes repetition and changes, certain patterns of rhythm, and pitch and mood contrasts. The brain works by looking at the different pieces of information and deciding if they are different or the same. This is done in baroque and classical periods by playing a theme and then repeating and changing the theme. The repetition is only done once. More than one repetition causes the music to be come displeasing, and also causes the person to either enter a state of sub-conscious thinking or a state of anger. Accordingly, the human mind shuts down after three or four repetition of rhythm, or a melody, or a harmonic progression. Zatorre (as cited in O’donell, 1999) children pay close attention to subtle variations in tone and timing, which enables them to learn language accent perfectly. Likewise, musical people have increased aptitude in foreign language learning due to an advanced ability in perceiving, processing, and closely reproducing accent. When the brain processes music, this function extends over both hemispheric regions. The primary actuator in this connection is the acoustic cranial nerve which acts as a switching station for cranial nerves. In other words, the acoustic nerve channels not only sound from the ear, but also conduct other sensory inputs together, so our experience of the environment necessarily becomes a synthesis. Shaw and Bodner (as cited in Kliewer, 2003) included in their study the used of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to map the regions of a subject’s brain that respond when listening to Mozart and Beethoven, and they found out that all types of music activates the auditory cortex, where the brain process sound, and sometimes trigger parts of the brain that are associated with emotion. But with Mozart and Beethoven’s music, the whole cortex is lighting up. Also, it activates areas of the brain involved in fine motor coordination, vision and other higher thought processes, all of which might be expected to come into play for spatial reasoning. Lawrence (2001) found that several studies used instrumental soothing music tends to help accelerate learning. Examples include the composition of Mozart, Vivaldi, Bach and Handel. These instrumental pieces are called concentration music or relaxation music. Baroque music, with its unique rhythmic structure and stability, is particular conducive to memory, productivity and healthy, stress-free environments. Studies for accelerated learning showed that Baroque music was optimal for learning. This music also provides health benefits such as lower muscle tension, lower blood pressure, and a slower pulse rate. Rauscher et al (1988) determined that listening to 10 minutes of Mozarts Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major briefly increased scores 48% (relative to control groups) on the paper-folding task, a component of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test that measures spatio-temporal reasoning abilities. Moreover, the effects were transient, lasting only about 10 minutes, and performance on non-spatial reasoning tasks was unaffected. Such results seem to be unique to the music of Mozart, whereas music not as highly structured did not have measurable effects. Other researchers have demonstrated that compositions of other classical composers such as J. S. Bach show similar benefits. Lozanov (1960) found that playing Baroque instrumental music (such as that of Handel and J. S. Bach) in the background while teaching foreign language vocabulary greatly increased students speed of learning and degree of memory retention. Music with a meter close to 60 beats per minute was found to be most effective; that this rate closely matches that of a relaxed pulse is thought to be significant. Merrill (1991) got 72 mice and divided them into three groups: the hard rock group, the Mozart group, and the control group who had no music at all. He placed the mice in aquariums, and then started playing music 10 hours a day. He put each mouse through a maze three times a week that originally had taken the mice an average of 10 minutes to complete. Over time, the 24 mice in the control group were able to cut about 5 minutes from their maze completion time. The Mozart mice cut their time back 8 1/2 minutes. The hard rock mice added 20 minutes to their time, a 300% increase in maze-running time from their original average. Unfortunately, the study did not go for long because all hard rock mice killed each other. Hardie (1990) studied the effect of music on mathematics anxiety and achievement. Two different environments were used while students took an Intermediate Algebra exam. One group took the exam in silence, while the other group listened to background music during the exam. There was a significant increase in anxiety for the students tested in silence. Ruvinshteyn and Parrino (as cited in Orel, 2007) says research over the past 40 years, Baroque music pulses between 50-60 beats per minute and has been shown to enhance learning of foreign languages and to improve performances in some types of tests. Because of this, the music has been widely marketed as a learning tool. The faculty members studied two groups of classes at Essex County College. In the first group, the instructor played baroque-style music in the background during the first semester. The second group, taught by the same instructors, was not exposed to music during class time. After the first month, surveys showed that students who listened to music were more likely to enjoy class (86 percent vs. 76 percent) and less likely to find mathematics challenging (33 percent vs. 46 percent). Similar changes were noted in both groups regardless of which instructor taught the course. Preliminary results also indicated an improvement in student grades. Weber (2007) stated that Baroque music accelerates learning and enhances both short-term and long-term memory. Physiological effects of Baroque music on learners includes lowering of the blood pressure slows heart beat, decrease of beta waves by 6% but increase of alpha waves by an average of 6%, and the right and left brain hemispheres of the brain synchronized. As the body becomes relax and alert, the mind is able to concentrate more easily. Mowesian and Heyer (1973) tested the basic arithmetic skills of tenth grade students under five different music style conditions: silence, rock music, folk music, classical-instrumental, and classical-vocal. No significant mean exam score differences were found among the five music conditions. They suggested that because music or some other distracter so frequently accompanies participants studying, music may be assumed to raise their morale (p. 108) and that music may make studying and test-taking less tedious, boring, and anxiety-producing (p. 108). Wolfe (1983) researched the use of four volume levels of music while computing mathematics problems. Participants, 200 undergraduate non-music majors, were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups. The groups were task only (no music), task plus background music at 60 – 70 dB, task plus background music at 70– 80 dB, and task plus background music at 80 – 90 dB. For the three music groups, the music consisted of four instrumental selections from motion picture sound tracks. The results indicated no significant difference in the number of problems completed by each group. Also there was no significant difference in the number of math problems completed correctly among the four groups. The participants were given a questionnaire concerning the effect of the loudness on their ability to complete the task. More participants in the 80 90 decibel music group felt that the loudness of the musical selections seemed to interfere with computing the math problems. Theoretical Framework This study anchors on the theory of human intelligence developed by psychologist Howard Gardner who suggested that there are several ways of perceiving and understanding the world that allow individuals to find and resolve problems they faced. This also interrelates the theory of Burrhus F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman on the role of environment in learning. In 1983 Howard Gardner, psychology professor at Harvard University, presented his Multiple Intelligence theory based upon many years of research. Promoting the concept that intelligence is not one entity but that there are many different forms of intelligence, Gardner has awakened a revolution in learning. Multiple Intelligence teaching methods recognize eight (though there may be more) forms of intelligence: visual-spatial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, and most recently naturalist. Multiple Intelligence teachers strive to broaden students’ familiarity and skill levels in each area. In introducing musical intelligence, Gardner first stands back and identifies its basic core of objective features: rhythm, pitch, harmony, and timbre, but he soon moves closer to dwell on the mysterious emotional power of music. He then presents several kinds of evidence to support his theory that musical ability functions like intelligencewhat composers have called logical musical thinking and the musical mind. Musical abilities illustrate why Gardner rejects the simpler split-brain concept of mind. Although most musical abilities are located in the right hemisphere, trained musicians are likely to draw upon the left hemisphere in solving a task that the novice tackles primarily through the use of right hemisphere mechanisms. The Multiple Intelligence teaching model emphasizes education for understanding rather than rote memory or the mimicking of skills. Practical hands-on skill development is coupled with factual knowledge and the ability to apply skills and information in real-life situations and make meaningful contributions to society. Development of the musical intelligence can be greatly aided by the use of music throughout the curriculum. In addition to learning about musical elements and how to create music, the musical intelligence involves developing an ability to respond to musical sound and the ability to use music effectively in ones life. Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959), in his theory Sign/Purposive Learning indicates that cognitive processes are acquired relationships between environmental stimuli and responses. In his theory, the learner recognizes the significance of a stimulus and its different eatures. By following a series of recognizable signs toward a specific goal, learning becomes purposeful. His definition of stimulus is a perception, it is an environmental event that is processed by the organism, and definition of response is a learned behavior composed of performances. Burrhus F. Skinner (1904-1990), his theory Instrumental Learning contends that the most significant human behavior falls under the general heading of operant behavior, which means that there are observable stimuli that lead to human action. His basic approach is a functional analysis of the relationship between observable behavior and the external variables that identify those elements of the environment associated with the occurrence of a behavior or a response. Manipulation of the environment is involved to produce the desired behavior. Conceptual Framework Since learning is a function of the multiple intelligences inherent in the learner this study looks into the causal relationship between Baroque music and performance in Math problem task. It is said that music enhances the learning process. Figure I represent the conceptual framework of the study. Math Problem Solving ability is an aspect of the logical-mathematical and intelligence which could be affected by environmental stimulation such as the presence of Baroque music while doing a problem solving task. Gender and mental ability as possible factors that may affect problem solving ability are considered as control variables to eliminate their influence on the dependent variable in the study. The Problem Research What is the mean pretest score of the group exposed to Baroque music in the problem-solving task? What is the mean pretest score of the group not exposed to Baroque music in the problem-solving task? What is the mean posttest score of the group exposed to Baroque music in the Math Problem Solving task? What is the mean posttest score of the group not exposed to Baroque music in the Math Problem Solving task? Is there a significant difference in the mean pretest scores between the groups exposed to Baroque music and the group not exposed to Baroque music? Is there a significant difference in the mean posttest scores between the groups exposed to Baroque music and the group not exposed to Baroque music? Hypothesis The following hypothesis are tested in the study: There is no significant difference in the mean pretest scores between the groups exposed and unexposed to Baroque music. There is no significant difference in the posttest scores between groups exposed and unexposed to Baroque music. Definition of Terms Baroque Music- this term is associated with the era and the set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between 1600 to 1750. n this study it refers to the instrumental songs composed by Bach (Hapsichord Concerto in F Minor and Air on G String), Vivaldi (The Four Seasons), Albino (Adagio for Strings in G Minor), and Chopin (Nocturne for Piano No. 9). Performance in Math- this phrase refers to the score obtained in the problem-solving task designed to measure mathematical ability. Gender- refers to the sex of the person whether a girl or a boy. Significance of the Study This study is significant to parents because the results will give the them information how Baroque music can help in enhancing the mathematical ability of their children. Parents will encourage their children to appreciate Baroque music, and play it while reading, studying and doing homework. This also provides the teachers information that music is a powerful tool that they can use in the classroom to promote academic achievement and mental discipline. The intentional use of music in the classroom will set the scene and learning atmosphere to enhance teaching and learning activities. School administrators will know the necessary equipments to produce a better performance from their students. The recommendations made in this research are an attempt to find means and solutions to improve instructional facilities needed in subjects where Mathematics is concerned. Chapter II Methodology Research Design This study will utilize an experimental design to investigate the difference in the mathematical problem solving performance of pupils exposed to baroque style of music and those who are not exposed. The pre-test posttest non-equivalent comparison groups quasi-experimental design will be the method of investigation. This design is illustrated bellow: Group 1 01 X03 Group 2 02 04 The above diagram means that group 1 serves as the experimental group and receives the treatment (X). In this study X will be the baroque music. Group 2 will be the control group and does not receive the treatment. 01 and 02 correspond to the pretest while 03 and 04 correspond to the posttest of the control and experimental groups. Population and Sampling Procedure The total population of the Grade Six pupils of Zamboanga City Polytechnic State College is 34 and composed of only one section. Two groups will be used as respondents of the study, one for control and one for experimental. The assignment as to which one will be experimental or control will be done be random. Total enumeration will be used for the number of pupils in the class. Instrumentation An objective type of Math Achievement Test will serve as the instrument to measure Mathematical performance of Grade Six pupils. This will be administered at the start and end at the experimental sessions. Before the administration of the test the self-constructed Math test will be submitted to a panel of experts. Methodological Limitation This study is limited to the investigation of the effect of Baroque music to Mathematics Problem Solving test of the Grade Six Pupils of Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College, located at Baliwasan Chico, Zamboanga City. Data Collection Procedure A. Pre-experimental Phase Permission will be sought from the principal of the Elementary school of Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College to allow the researches to conduct the study. Preparation of the materials such as CD player and the disc containing the song/entitled Harpsichord Concerto in F Minor and Air on G String, The Four Seasons, Adagio for Strings in G Minor, Nocturne for Piano No. , which are Baroque style of musical copies of test instrument. Setting the classrooms that will be used in the conduct of experiments. The classroom setting shall be arranged in such a way that quiet, well ventilated and well-lighted conditions prevail. Discuss and orient with the Math teachers who will serve as confederates of the researchers. They will be briefed on the purpose and mechanics of the research project. This will be done after Math teachers consent to the proposal. B. Experimental Phase The experiment will begin upon opening the school year 2007-2008. he duration of the experimental will be for four weekly class sessions in Math subjects. The assignment as to which class will receive the treatment or serve as experimental groups and control group will be done by random. At the start of the experiment, the Math Achievement Test will be administered to both groups. Results of the test will serve as the pretest component of the experiment. Control Group Condition After the pretest has been conducted, the Math problem solving tasks of Math shall be done without background music. After four weeks a Math Achievement Test will be administered as posttest measure. Experimental Group Condition For this group, Math Problem Solving Task shall be done while baroque music is being played as background music. Data Analysis Procedure Data gathered from the study will be quantitatively analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Computation of the pretest posttest mean scores in the Math Achievement test will be conducted. Mean differences in the pre-test posttest Math Achievement scores between the experimental and control group will be analyzed using t-test.

How to Write Acknowledgements - Proofeds Writing Tips

How to Write Acknowledgements - Proofeds Writing Tips How to Write Acknowledgements If you are near the end of your thesis, you can start to think about putting on the finishing touches. One thing you will have to do here is write your acknowledgements. A lot of people worry about this, but there’s really no need. As we are about to show, its actually quite simple! What Are Acknowledgements? The acknowledgement section of a thesis is where you can thank everyone who has helped you in your research. It is typically located at the beginning of your thesis, right after the contents page, and shouldn’t really be more than one or two pages long. The best thing to do is to keep it concise. Who Should I Thank? Think about the people who were of crucial importance during your research. This could include friends, family or professors, or even volunteers who have taken part in your research. Its also important to acknowledge professional bodies who have given you funding or other help. How Should I Write It? There are no strict requirements for the tone of your acknowledgements; its essentially the one section where you can be a little bit more informal! Try to make sure the tone fits the person or organization youre thanking, though, maintaining a formal approach when addressing funding bodies or other official groups. Other than trying to be concise, the main thing you should keep in mind is varying your language, if only because starting every sentence with I would like to thank will sound a bit dull. There are several ways you could word your thanks. A few suggestions are: This research would not have been possible without†¦ My sincere thanks go to†¦ I am grateful to†¦ Heartfelt thanks to†¦ I would like to express my gratitude to†¦ Appreciation is due to†¦ I acknowledge the contribution of†¦ I am indebted to†¦ And that’s all there is to it! Relax and enjoy writing your acknowledgements. If youve got this far in the thesis-writing process, youre over the toughest bit now!

Reserch Paper on Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reserch Paper on Abortion - Essay Example â€Å"The question which we must answer in order to produce a satisfactory solution to the problem of the moral status of abortion is this: How are we to define the moral community, the set of beings with full and equal moral rights, such that we can decide whether a human fetus is a member of this community or not? What sort of entity, exactly, has the inalienable rights† (Warren, 1996). This report will look at this and other arguments around the general issue of abortion, providing answers to these questions and also posing new questions through the process of intensive research. In terms of Western philosophy, abortion has historically been a social issue that was mixed up with the time at which a fetus is said to gain a soul or become a human. Issues of morality were less important to these thinkers in terms of aborting a fetus that was seen not to yet have acquired a soul, which was seen to take form anywhere, by time, after four months post-conception. Therefore, American law, having a Western precedent in terms of philosophical and social maintenance of ideals in its beginnings, adopted this neutral morality in its own policies involving abortion, which was not the subject of penalty under early American law. In thinking of the psychology of morality in a political sphere, it is interesting to think of morality at the same time appearing in a social-scientific sphere of psychology, in terms of past and present ideals. It is the purpose of a psychological and social perspective to discuss these ideals in terms of a polarized national debate about abortio n, asking vital questions: â€Å"Is it better to be born as the result of a pregnancy that at least one parent intended or one that neither parent intended? If intentions diverge, do infants whose conception was intended by their mother fare better than those whose conception was intended by their father?† (Korenman, 2002). One must think of the serious social and psychological toll of unintended